Author : Sabha javed Abbasi
Abstract
In the 21st century, the significant numbers of scholars believe that the world order is undergoing change. Since 2008. The rise of china has been considered an attempt to challenge the dominant position as well as to keep their position. The US changed their dominance from benevolent to predatory hegemon. China has become more influential due to various revolutions that happened at different times. In a result, it now, plays a significant role in worldwide politics and economics. It clearly illustrates power, particularly, the power of America. Therefore, in the following years, the United States has left no stone unturned to stop China from emerging stronger, and to keep her influence globally.
Keywords: USA, China , grand strategy , hegemony , International system .
Introduction
After the end of world war II the Cold War sparked because the strategic competition between the status quo and revionist owers on diverse grounds; such as on ideologies, trade, economic development, Strategic (militarily and Science and Technology. United states use grand strategies for maintaining hegemonic Status and China is trying to replace it. USA use pivot to Asia “grand strategy for counter the China in south Asia region and “off sure balancing” in which they counter china in India pacific ocean, Thus china use “Go West policy or Belt and road initiative policy for counter the USA hegemony and China and USA have ignored thuscydes trap to compete each other with Cold War both countries counter each other USA want to counter China in a south Asia Region and china makes its self strong in region and make a good relationship with the counties in region . Hegemony can shift by two ways one peacefull and other by war in world most of the Shift by the war but now both of the countries use Grand strategies for maintaining hegemony.
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1:Geographical containment
The USA employs a grand strategy to maintain its power, supporting alliances through military means to counter China. It also provides support to Israel in the Israel-Palestine conflict and attempts to intervene in South Asia and the Middle East countries for own interest. USA support Taiwan with China issue . For over four decades, the U.S. government’s policy of deliberate ambiguity towards Taiwan has been seen as crucial in maintaining stability in cross-strait relations. This approach aimed to deter the People’s Republic of China (PRC) from using force against Taiwan and dissuade Taiwan from pursuing independence. However, as Beijing intensified its actions and clarified its intentions in recent years, the effectiveness of strategic ambiguity has become a topic of debate among academics and policymakers. In 2021 and 2022, U.S. President Joe Biden made several assertive statements indicating a potential shift towards “strategic clarity,” suggesting that the U.S. would come to Taiwan’s military defense in the event of a PRC invasion. As specified in the Taiwan Relations Act (TRA), the United States remains Taiwan’s primary arms supplier, a situation that has frequently caused tension with the PRC. Both countries maintain representative offices that function as de facto embassies.
The USA supports Tibet’s movement for autonomy from China, as a way to counter China’s growing influence in the region. By backing Tibet, the USA aims to prevent China from becoming a hegemon in the region, as it seeks to promote democracy and human rights.”
The South China Sea has become a focal point for competition between the U.S. and China, with China’s aggressive actions, like island-building and military presence, raising concerns about its control over the region. U.S. strategic interests are at stake due to the SCS’s importance, along with actions in the East China Sea. To counter China, potential U.S. goals include discouraging further base construction, reinforcing military presence, and potentially engaging in island-building activities.
2:Economic containment
The United States has employed economic sanctions as a key strategy to counter China’s growing economic and geopolitical influence. Tariffs were imposed on Chinese goods worth hundreds of billions of dollars, aiming to reduce the trade deficit and pressure China to alter its trade practices. Chinese companies like Huawei and Hikvision were added to the Entity List, restricting their
access to US technology and goods. Sanctions were placed on Chinese officials and entities involved in human rights violations, such as those related to the Uyghur Muslim minority in Xinjiang. The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) was strengthened to scrutinize Chinese investments in sensitive sectors like technology and infrastructure. Export controls on sensitive technologies, such as semiconductors and artificial intelligence, were tightened to prevent China from acquiring them. Additionally, the US has explored ways to limit China’s access to the US financial system and dollar transactions, potentially crippling its ability to engage in international trade. Furthermore, the US has strengthened economic ties with like- minded countries, including the EU, Japan, and Australia, to present a united front against China’s economic influence.
3:Military containment
The United States has employed military containment as a key strategy to counter China’s expanding military presence and influence in the Indo-Pacific region. Here are several ways the US has utilized this approach:
- AUKUS Alliance: The US established an enhanced trilateral security partnership with Australia and the UK (AUKUS) to share advanced technologies, such as nuclear submarines, and coordinate military efforts.
- QUAD Alliance: The US bolstered the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD) with Australia, India, and Japan to enhance cooperation in areas like maritime security, logistics, and technology sharing.
- Indian Ocean Influence: The US expanded its military presence in the Indian Ocean, focusing on the Indo-Pacific Command (INDOPACOM), to counter China’s growing naval presence.
- Alliance with India: The US deepened its strategic partnership with India, including military cooperation, defense sales, and joint exercises, to counterbalance China’s influence in the region.
- Military Bases and Deployments: The US maintains a network of military bases and deployments in the region, including in Japan, South Korea, and Guam, to ensure a strong presence.
- Freedom of Navigation Operations (FONOPs): The US conducts regular FONOPs in the South China Sea to challenge China’s territorial claims and promote maritime security.
- Military Exercises and Drills: The US engages in joint military exercises and drills with regional partners, such as the Malabar Exercise with India and Japan, to enhance interoperability and readiness.
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4:Ideological containment.
The United States has employed ideological containment as a key strategy to counter China’s growing influence and promote its values of democracy, human rights, and freedom. Concerned about China’s authoritarian political system, human rights violations, and lack of freedoms, the US has sought to promote democracy and human rights by supporting organizations and initiatives that advance these values within China. The US highlights China’s human rights abuses, including the treatment of Uyghur Muslims, Tibetan Buddhists, and dissidents, to shame China on the international stage. Additionally, the US supports independent media outlets and journalists who expose China’s censorship and propaganda efforts, and has strengthened ties with Taiwan, a democratic island nation, to counter China’s authoritarian influence. The US also seeks to counter China’s propaganda efforts by promoting its own narrative of freedom, democracy, and human rights, and collaborates with democratic nations to promote shared values and counter China’s authoritarian influence. Furthermore, the US uses economic tools, such as sanctions and trade agreements, to pressure China to improve its human rights record, and provides refuge and support to Chinese dissidents, activists, and human rights defenders. By employing ideological containment, the US aims to counter China’s authoritarian influence, promote democratic values and human rights, and create
conditions that could eventually lead to political reform in China, making it more democratic and open.
China Grand Strategy
Chinese grand strategy has been a subject of intense study and debate ever since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. With the world’s largest population and the fourth largest landmass sharing a border with 14 states, China had a disproportionate impact on the world even before its rise. Today, China is the second-largest economy and the largest single contributor to world growth since the 2008 financial crisis. China also boasts the world’s largest political party, a modern and growing military, and holds 45 top leadership positions in major international institutions. Given its large and growing political, military, and economic clout,
scholars and policy makers alike are interested in what China wants and how it plans to achieve its goals in other words. China’s grand strategy.
Grand strategy refers to a comprehensive, long-term plan of essential actions by which a country plans to achieve its major objectives. There is no one single official document akin to the US National Security Strategy that outlines China’s grand strategy. China specialists rely on a combination of leadership statements and Chinese foreign policy behaviour to piece together an overarching vision about China’s desired role in the world. By analysing the choices China makes, we can also derive key elements of Beijing’s objectives and the political, military, and economic means it deems appropriate to pursue those objectives. ( Mastro Skylar Oriana )
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1:Constructive member of international system.
China has adopted a grand strategy to position itself as a constructive participant in the international system, aiming to counterbalance US influence and promote its own global leadership. By engaging in multilateral institutions, adhering to international norms, and advocating for global governance reforms, China seeks to present itself as a responsible and cooperative actor. This strategy aims to challenge the US- dominated international order and foster a more multipolar world where China’s influence and interests are better represented.
China has been active in international organizations such as the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, and the BRICS grouping to demonstrate its commitment to multilateralism and global cooperation. Initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) are designed to promote economic development and regional integration. Additionally, China has played a key role in shaping global governance reforms through platforms like the G20 and the Paris Climate Agreement, showcasing its capacity for leadership and collaboration.
gradually erode US influence and open up opportunities for China to assume global leadership roles. Furthermore, China aims to capitalize on perceived weaknesses in the US-led international order, such as its focus on military power and unilateral actions, by offering an alternative model of international relations based on mutual benefit, cooperation, and peaceful development. Overall, China’s grand strategy is a deliberate effort to challenge US dominance and establish itself as a legitimate and influential global leader.
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2:Military modernization
China’s approach to countering US military dominance and bolstering its own security and global influence involves a comprehensive military modernization strategy. This initiative seeks to transform the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) into a technologically advanced, agile, and formidable force capable of challenging US military capabilities. Key aspects of this strategy include substantial investments in cutting-edge technologies such as hypersonic weapons, artificial intelligence,
cybersecurity, and space-based systems. Additionally, China is upgrading its nuclear arsenal, expanding its naval power, and developing capabilities for power projection and expeditionary operations.
The objective of China’s military modernization is to diminish the US military advantage, extend China’s strategic reach, and establish a credible deterrent against US intervention in regional conflicts. By enhancing its area-denial and anti-access capabilities, China aims to complicate US military operations in the Indo-Pacific region. Moreover, China’s military expansion in the Asia
Asia-Pacific, Indian Ocean, and Africa seeks to challenge US influence and foster a more multipolar security environment. China’s drive for military modernization is also fueled by its aspiration to emerge as a global leader with a security vision distinct from the US-led international order. By showcasing its advanced military capabilities and technological prowess, China aims to assert its growing power and influence, seeking legitimacy and authority on the world stage. Overall, China’s military modernization is a crucial element of its grand strategy to contest US supremacy, advance its national interests, and reshape the global security landscape to its advantage.
3:Preservation of ideology
China has employed the preservation of its communist ideology as a grand strategy to counter US influence and promote its own unique political and social system. China’s leadership believes that the survival of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the country’s socialist system is crucial to its national security and global influence. To achieve this, China has implemented a comprehensive strategy to preserve and promote its ideology, including:
- Tightening control over the media and online discourse to prevent the spread of “Western values” and “universal values”
- Reinforcing the CPC’s leadership and control over the military, economy, and society
- Promoting the “Chinese Dream” and “Socialism with Chinese Characteristics” as a unique and superior development model.
- Suppressing dissent and opposition, including human rights activism and political dissent
- Shaping the global narrative on democracy, human rights, and development through international propaganda and disinformation campaigns
By preserving its ideology, China aims to maintain its political stability, social cohesion, and economic growth, while also challenging the US-led liberal international order and promoting an alternative model of development. China’s strategy is based on the belief that the US seeks to undermine its political system and values, and that preserving its ideology is essential to its national security and global influence.
4:Science and technology
China has adopted science and technology as a central strategy to outpace the US in innovation, economic growth, and geopolitical influence. The Chinese leadership has prioritized science and technology at the national level, with substantial investments in research and development and policies aimed at fostering innovation and technological progress. Key initiatives, such as Made in China 2025 and the High-Tech Development Plan, are designed to enhance China’s manufacturing capabilities and leapfrog over traditional industries. Additionally, China is heavily investing in fields like artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and renewable energy, while creating high-tech zones and innovation hubs to attract international talent and acquire foreign technology through investments and partnerships.
By capitalizing on science and technology, China seeks to narrow the gap with the US in high-tech industries, stimulate economic growth, and boost its global competitiveness. This strategy also aims to enhance China’s military capabilities, modernize its
5:Belt Road initiative
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a strategic initiative by China aimed at expanding its global economic and geopolitical reach by enhancing connectivity and cooperation across Eurasia. Through extensive infrastructure development and investment, China seeks to foster regional stability, enhance trade networks, and promote economic growth. Additionally, the BRI allows China to showcase its economic model and standards, offering an alternative to existing international frameworks. While enhancing its influence in various regions, China’s objectives also include fostering multilateral cooperation and contributing to global development
Considered a counterbalance to China’s Belt and Road Initiative, the G7 countries recently launched the Build Back Better World (B3W) initiative, as an alternative channel for aiding lower income countries with infrastructure development. To better understand the strategic competition between Washington and Beijing, this essay analyzes how the Belt and Road Initiative influences China–US competition, especially in the Indo-Pacific region and in the field of digital economy. It also focuses on the B3W initiative, providing a preliminary analysis of the Biden
administration’s use of B3W to compete with the Belt and Road Initiative. Through an in-depth investigation of interactions between Washington and Beijing over the Belt and Road Initiative, this essay also helps reveal the nuanced dynamics and characteristics of US–China strategic competition in the context of the digital era. ( Zhao Minghao )
Conclusion
In conclusion, the global world order is undergoing a significant transformation, with the US and China engaging in a grand strategy competition for influence and power. The US seeks to maintain its dominance, while China aims to challenge and potentially surpass the US as a global hegemon. This shift is driven by China’s economic rise, military expansion, and strategic initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative. The changing world order has significant implications for global politics, economy, and security, with countries reevaluating their foreign policy priorities and alignments. As the competition between the US and China continues to evolve, it is essential to monitor and analyze the developments to understand the future of global governance and international relations.
References
Zhao, Minghao.(9 Nov, 2021) The Belt and Road Initiative and China–US strategic competition,
PubMed Central.
Maestro , Oriana Skylar.( May 2021) C”i⭲ese Gía⭲d SťíaťegQ , Oxroíd U⭲i:císitQ Pícss